{"id":108,"date":"2022-10-03T19:27:52","date_gmt":"2022-10-03T19:27:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/staging.lib.usf.edu\/breeding-bird-atlas\/?page_id=108"},"modified":"2022-10-03T19:27:52","modified_gmt":"2022-10-03T19:27:52","slug":"introduction","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/lib.usf.edu\/breeding-bird-atlas\/about\/introduction\/","title":{"rendered":"Introduction"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; fullwidth=&#8221;on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.18.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=&#8221;Introduction&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.18.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; title_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; title_font_size=&#8221;60px&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#036585&#8243; background_image=&#8221;http:\/\/lib.usf.edu\/breeding-bird-atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/66\/2023\/09\/Court_Harding_Nanday_Parakeet2-scaled-1.jpg&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_center&#8221; title_text_shadow_style=&#8221;preset3&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_fullwidth_header][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.18.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||-52px|||&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||56px|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.18.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;34px|32px|18px|32px|false|true&#8221; box_shadow_style=&#8221;preset5&#8243; box_shadow_color=&#8221;#036585&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.18.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.18.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Key Points:\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In the past 100 years, Florida is fortunate that several books have been written describing the state\u2019s birds.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Breeding bird atlases came into being in the 1960s as a tool to establish the breeding status of all bird species found in a defined area during a particular time. <span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The membership of the Florida Ornithological Society (FOS), established in 1972 to promote field ornithology in Florida and to facilitate contact between professional and amateur ornithologists and birders in the state, collaborated with several partner agencies and took on the challenge of preparing the first Florida BBA (BBA I) in 1986.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\"> <\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">20 years after the first Breeding Bird Atlas, because it was anticipated there would be changes in the distribution of breeding birds in Florida, FOS has worked to prepare the second Florida Breeding Bird Atlas II (BBA II).\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Many sources provided financial support for BBA I; the primary sources were the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission\u2019s Nongame Wildlife Trust Fund, Florida Audubon Society (FAS), Frank Stanley Beverage Foundation, and many Florida Ornithological Society members.<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\"> <\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">In stark contrast, BBA II was funded almost completely by FOS, private donations, and volunteer effort.<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.18.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_enable_color=&#8221;off&#8221; background_enable_image=&#8221;off&#8221; min_height=&#8221;1610px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;45px|||||&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;36px|||||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.18.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_enable_color=&#8221;off&#8221; min_height=&#8221;1456px&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;|29px||34px|false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.18.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.18.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Historically, the first biological atlas was prepared from information collected on plants and became the Atlas of the British Flora (Perring and Walters 1962). Shortly thereafter, the first Breeding Bird Atlas (BBA) \u2013 an attempt to establish the breeding status of all bird species found in a defined area during a particular time \u2013 was completed in Great Britain and Ireland between 1968 and 1971 (Sharrock 1976). The atlas concept transferred to North America, and atlasing at a state level began in Massachusetts in 1974 (Veit and Petersen 1993). By 1990, in North America, Breeding Bird Atlases were being developed in 36 states and 8 Canadian provinces (Smith 1990).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Over nearly 100 years, Florida has had the good fortune to have several books written that cover the birds of the state. Bailey (1925), Howell (1932), Sprunt (1954), <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Robertson and Woolfenden (1992), Stevenson and Anderson (1994), and Greenlaw et al. (2014) <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">summarized the accumulated knowledge about Florida\u2019s birds including descriptions, and some maps, of each bird\u2019s distribution. These authors used information from a variety of sources such as correspondence with colleagues and scientific publications to characterize where individual bird species occurred in the state. Stevenson and Anderson (1994) improved the distribution maps with unique symbols for each season for records of bird species in Florida. They also used data gathered by thousands of volunteers from the continental-scale Audubon Christmas Bird Count to characterize winter abundance.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The membership of the Florida Ornithological Society (FOS), established in 1972 to promote field ornithology in Florida and to facilitate contact between professional and amateur ornithologists and birders in the state, has been interested in all aspects of birds since its founding. Of particular interest has been the status of Florida\u2019s breeding birds \u2013 where they are found geographically in <\/span><span aria-label=\"Rich text content control\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u200b<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Florida, and how their populations have changed over time. Harnessing volunteers in a \u201ccitizen science\u201d project to collect data on breeding birds was a logical next step. To find out, members of FOS decided to go into the field to collect information on every breeding bird species in Florida and to gather the information into an atlas. The membership of FOS and many collaborators took on the challenge to prepare the first Florida Breeding Bird Atlas (BBA I) (Kale et al. 1992).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Field studies for BBA I occurred during 1986 \u2013 1991 and the completed BBA I is available on the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.my.fwc.com\/bba\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission\u2019s website<\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. BBA I incorporated supplementary surveys of rare birds and wadingbirds (Kale et al. 1978, Nesbit et al. 1982, Runde et al. 1991, Rogers et al. 1996). Because it was anticipated there would be changes in the statewide distribution of breeding birds, it was decided to prepare a BBA every 25 years to monitor those expected changes.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In 2011, as almost 25 years had passed since the completion of the BBA I, FOS members formed a committee of individuals interested in Florida\u2019s breeding birds and their distributional changes in the years since BBA I to discuss conducting a second BBA. BBA II project began in January 2011 and field studies ended in December 2016.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">BBA I, fortunately, had extensive financial support from many sources. The primary sources were the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission\u2019s Nongame Wildlife Trust Fund, Florida Audubon Society (FAS), Frank Stanley Beverage Foundation, and many FOS members. Supplemental funds were donated by private corporations, foundations, garden clubs, and individuals. Funds from FAS came from FAS chapters and a fund-raising appeal to each FAS member in 1986, 1988, 1990, and 1991. FAS also provided most of the coordinators and fieldworkers for BBA I (FWC 2003). In contrast, early discussions in organizing BBA II determined that support from outside organizations probably would not be available as had occurred for BBA I<\/span><span aria-label=\"Rich text content control\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u200b<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">; therefore, BBA II would need to depend on volunteers. The committee coordinating the BBA II project relied almost completely on <\/span><span aria-label=\"Rich text content control\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u200b<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">funding from FOS and private donations<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span aria-label=\"Rich text content control\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u200b<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, and the project\u2019s success was dependent on volunteer efforts<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. At the BBA II project\u2019s start, the FOS Board of Directors budgeted $1,000, and later, in 2022, received donations of $6,000 from 2 FOS members to be applied to completing BBA II.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Florida\u2019s Breeding Bird Atlases were intended to monitor \u201cenvironmental and biotic change over decadal time scales\u201d (Noss 2006). Thus, it was critical to collect comparable data in successive atlases using a standardized approach. The BBA I established the methods to collect field data and analyze the data. BBA II has been prepared similarly so comparisons can be made of the changes between BBA I and BBA II. Both the first and second Florida Breeding Bird Atlases were designed to cover the entire state at the relatively fine scale of U.S. Geological Survey 7.5-minute topographical quadrangles (quads) of which there are several thousand in Florida. The BBA I had more than 1,880 participants from more than 50 organizations involved in field data collection that yielded 136,000 records. In comparison, BBA II had 351 participants, individually and from 8 organizations, and collected 144,134 records. Using GIS-based change detection maps for each species, BBA II examined the changes between BBA I and BBA II in breeding distribution by quadrangle. BBA II also compared changes in birds\u2019 populations between the Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) routes for the 48 continental U.S. states and Canada and the Florida routes.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The Florida Ornithological Society has enthusiastically completed the second Breeding Bird Atlas of Florida. This outstanding large-scale volunteer project typifies the joint professional \u2013 amateur collaboration that the society has fostered since its inception. The Florida Ornithological Society Breeding Bird Atlas II Committee thanks all the contributors to the BBA II project, who helped to demonstrate that a large-scale project like BBA II can be done through the power of voluntarism. Thanks to all for successfully completing this immense project, well done!<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.18.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#CBD2D8&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.18.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#CBD2D8&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;7px|39px|7px|39px|true|true&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.18.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.18.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; width=&#8221;100%&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center\">Literature Cited<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Bailey, H. H. 1925. <em>The Birds of Florida<\/em>. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.<\/p>\n<p>Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC), editor. 2003. <em>Florida\u2019s breeding bird atlas: A collaborative study of Florida\u2019s bird life<\/em>. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Tallahassee, USA. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.myfwc.com\/bba\">http:\/\/www.myfwc.com\/bba<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Greenlaw, J. S., B. Pranty, and R. Bowman. 2014. <em>The Robertson and Woolfenden Florida Bird Species: An Annotated List<\/em>. Special Publication Number 8. Florida Ornithological Society, Gainesville, USA.<\/p>\n<p>Howell, A. H. 1932. <em>Florida Bird Life<\/em>. Coward-McCann, New York, New York, USA.<\/p>\n<p>\u200b<span aria-label=\"Rich text content control\">\u200b\u200b<\/span>Kale, H. W., II 1978. <em>Rare and endangered biota of Florida<\/em>, Volume 2: Birds. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, USA.<\/p>\n<p>Kale, H. W., II, B. Pranty, B. M. Stith, and C. W. Biggs. 1992. <em>The atlas of the breeding birds of Florida.<\/em> Final Report. Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission. Tallahassee, Florida, USA.<\/p>\n<p>\u200b<span aria-label=\"Rich text content control\">\u200b\u200b<\/span>Nesbit, S. A., J. C. Ogden, H. W. Kale II, B. W. Pranty, and L. A. Rause. 1982. <em>Florida Atlas of breeding sites for herons and their allies: 1976-1978<\/em>. Office of Biological Services, Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of Interior, Washington, D.C., USA.<\/p>\n<p>Perring, F. H., and S. M. Walters. 1962. <em>Atlas of British flora. Botanical Society of the British Isles.<\/em>\u00a0T. Nelson Ltd., London, U.K.<\/p>\n<p>Robertson, W. B., Jr., and G. E. Woolfenden. 1992. <em>Florida Bird Species: An Annotated List<\/em>. Special Publication Number 6. Florida Ornithological Society. Gainesville, USA.<\/p>\n<p>\u200b<span aria-label=\"Rich text content control\">\u200b\u200b<\/span>Rogers, J. A., H. W. Kale II, and H. T. Smith, editors. 1996. <em>Rare and endangered biota of Florida<\/em>, Volume 5: Birds. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, USA.<\/p>\n<p>\u200b<span aria-label=\"Rich text content control\">\u200b\u200b<\/span>Runde, D. E., J. S. Gore, J. A. Hovis, M. S. Robson, and P. D. Southall. 1991. <em>Florida Atlas of breeding sites for herons and their allies: Update 1986-1989<\/em>. Nongame Wildlife Program Technical Report 10. Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission. Tallahassee, USA.<\/p>\n<p>Smith, C. R. 1990. <em>Handbook for atlasing American breeding birds<\/em>. North American Ornithological Atlas Commission, Vermont Institute of Natural Science, Woodstock, USA.<\/p>\n<p>Stevenson, H. M., and B. H. Anderson. 1994. <em>The birdlife of Florida<\/em>. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, USA.<\/p>\n<p>Sprunt, A., Jr. 1954. <em>Florida bird life<\/em>. Coward-McCann, New York, New York, USA.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Key Points:\u00a0\u00a0 In the past 100 years, Florida is fortunate that several books have been written describing the state\u2019s birds. Breeding bird atlases came into being in the 1960s as a tool to establish the breeding status of all bird species found in a defined area during a particular time. \u00a0 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":104,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-108","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lib.usf.edu\/breeding-bird-atlas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/108","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lib.usf.edu\/breeding-bird-atlas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lib.usf.edu\/breeding-bird-atlas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lib.usf.edu\/breeding-bird-atlas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lib.usf.edu\/breeding-bird-atlas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=108"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/lib.usf.edu\/breeding-bird-atlas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/108\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lib.usf.edu\/breeding-bird-atlas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/104"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lib.usf.edu\/breeding-bird-atlas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=108"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}